States considering laws to prevent obesity in America

Obesity... overweight... fat. No questions, its one of this nations worst and most costly health problems. But, can government, in its finest we know whats best for you tradition, actually outlaw obesity in America? According to a recent Washington Post article, legislatures in at least 25 states are currently debating more than 140 bills aimed at curbing obesity. New state laws currently under consideration would restrict the sale of soda and candy in public schools, require fast-food chains to post fat and sugar content directly on all menu boards, and even attempt to tax the fat away. According to the Post, six bills proposed by New York State Assemblyman Felix Ortiz (D) would slap hefty taxes on not only fatty foods, but also modern icons of sedentary living -- movie tickets, video games and DVD rentals. Ortiz estimates his tax laws would haul in over $50 million a year, which New York could use to fund public exercise and nutrition programs. We have focused on smoking; now it is about time we fight obesity, Ortiz told the Post. Over 44 million Americans are now considered obese, with an associated increase in cases of serious and costly diseases, including diabetes, heart disease and kidney failure. As costs to health plans of obesity-driven illnesses soar, the success of anti-smoking legislation passed during the 1990s and the seatbelt laws of the 1970s have lawmakers thinking similar laws could help force Americans to push away from the table. Obviously, civil libertarians and consumer rights groups do not like the idea of legislating eating behavior. Its an individual responsibility issue, states Richard Berman, executive director of the Center for Consumer Freedom in the Post article. If Im going to shorten my own life by eating too much or being too sedentary, that may not be much different than shortening my life by riding a motorcycle without a helmet on. On the other hand, Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy G. Thompson cites the $117 billion spent annually on obesity-related health care when he states, If were really interested in holding down medical costs and improving the health of citizens, we have to do something about obesity. Some insurance industry officials have suggested charging obese persons higher premiums. HHS Secretary Thompson, however, cautioned that doing so could run afoul of federal anti-discrimination laws. The most potentially contentious fat-fighting suggestion mentioned in the Post story came from Eric Topol, chief of cardiology at the Cleveland Clinic. Topols suggestion would offer a federal income tax credit to slender people, while the people ruining our health care economics [the obese] would pay the standard tax. People who are able to be disciplined and lose weight should be rewarded, said Topol.

The United States Into World War I - 1368 Words

There were many events that lead the United States into World War 1. The three main events that led to the to the United States entering into World War 1 were the British propaganda. Then the sinking of the Lusitania along with the Zimmerman telegram. With all of these events linked to each other they gradually pushed the United States into the war even though the United States tried to remain a neutral nation, they had no choice but to join the Allies and enter into the first world war. The First World War was caused by several different happens among the nations. The European nations signed secret treaties that created a system of alliance and the leadership was poor. There were no international organizations to help them deal with the problems at large. The nations built huge armies to defend themselves and gain empires. With all this happening, the competition to have empires caused a lot of tension and conflict. The smaller nations had intense feelings about the nationalism and let a lot of harsh acts. There were five main reasons as to why the United States of American entered into the war. The first was unrestricted submarine warfare. This included the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915 where there were 128 American lives lost. Then the â€Å"Sussex† pledge in 1916 when a French vessel â€Å"Sussex† torpedoed injuring 3. Then when Germany renewed unrestricted U Boat attacks in 1917. When Germany began to use its submarine force for unrestricted submarine warfare it was quicklyShow MoreRelatedThe United States Into World War I855 Words   |  4 PagesThe First World War was once one of the most harmful and deadliest wars of all time. A few countries participated within the battle together with Russia, Great Britain, Germany, and France. When the European nations went to war, Americans wanted nothing to do with the war. The twenty-eighth U.S. president Woodrow Wilson, led America through World War I. Wilson was a college professor, university president and Democratic governor of New Jersey before winning the White House in 1912. Woodrow WilsonRead MoreThe United States And The World War I932 Words   |  4 Pages President Wilson had no choice but to enter World War I to protect the American people and our way of life. Sometimes it is necessary to stay neutral and to not engage. Other times it is our duty to engage the enemy to protect our families, our freedom, and our way of life. President Wilson did all he could to remain diplomatic and finding a solution other than going to war with Germany and its allies. In the end he made the right choice to fight for this nation and the other nations GermanyRead MoreThe United States Of The World War I1028 Words   |  5 Pagesthe rest. From the Roman Empire of the ancient world, to the British Empire of the modern era, empires have risen and fallen. The United States of America, it seems, is the modern day equivalent of these empires—being the most powerful and influential nation on Earth—but how did America compare internationally during the Second World War to now? Prior to the Japanese Bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. had an army that ranked 19th in the world: an army smaller than that of Portugal! (3) TodayRead MoreWorld War I And The Uni ted States1038 Words   |  5 Pagesthe early 1910s, World War I is starting and the United States does not want to get involved unless necessary. Air superiority has not become a major military factor. That is until a group of young prominent men known as the â€Å"Millionaires Unit† at Yale start a flying club due to their interest in aviation and patriotism to the United States. As Germany attempted to cause a Mexican revolution across the border, a group of 12 men thought they should learn how to fly and enter the war—If and when theRead MoreWorld War I And The United States2440 Words   |  10 Pagesthat acted as a catalyst for an important and lasting shift in the United State’s perception of its role in the world. Technological advancement in travel and communication changed the American people’s views of the world, therefore changing the direction of American foreign policy. This shift in foreign policy would eventually lead the United States into the grips of two horrific wars on the European continent. However, these wars would provide the necessary environment for the country to establishRead MoreWorld War I And The United States Essay1859 Words   |  8 PagesWorld War I was unlike any other war before it. The total casualties reached about about 38 million, with over 17 million deaths, 7 million of them being civilians, and 20 million wounded. World War I was well known for the extensive system of trenches from which men of both sides fought, the lethal new technologies unleashed such as poison gas, and for the battles under the sea and in the skies. At first, the two sides consisted of the Allies: France, Britain, and Russia, against the Central Powers:Read MoreWorld War I And The United States876 Words   |  4 Pageswebsite, â€Å"The results of these intelligence tests were influential in shaping U.S. immigration policy that limited immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, and in justifying race-based segregation in public education, and U.S. conscription during World War I. Previously, the scientific debate centered largely on perceived differences in racial intelligence based on cranial size†. (Science: 1900s-1930s Race and Intelligence) From the readings it seems that the Blacks and even Native Americans were preservedRead MoreWorld War I And The United States1353 Words   |  6 Pages1945 the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill said that the United States would be the strongest economic country in the world. In the 1950’s it had become a reality and the United States not only had a strong military but a strong economy. World War II was a staple for why the economy was up with the war going on money was needed to get the war products like planes, tanks, bullets, guns, and many other things. Also with the war going on it meant that more jobs were needed and it benefited theRead MoreThe United States During World War I1506 Words   |  7 Pages The United States during World War I extended their â€Å"military, economic, and/or political control† to other weaker countries like, Hawaii, Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico. They were following the policy of Imperialism.1 Imperialism allows for nations to be able to trade with one another and businesses preferred it because it helped the United States economy. Nationalism is when the people of a nation are under one government and this played a key factor in starting world war one. There wasRead MoreThe United States After World War I894 Words   |  4 PagesAfter World War I, the United States made it pretty clear that the country and its people did not want any involvement with any international affairs, such as international wars. The decision was made on August 27th, 1928; the pact was a pledge to shun war as an instrument of policy. The United States was determined to avoid involvement in the European Alliance system. The two reasons why the United States kept its distan ce politically were due to the Great Depression. During the Depression, it made

Mapping Channel Flows in the Music CD industry Free Essays

In the music CD industry, the choice of the efficient marketing policy is one of the crucial factors in the success of the particular brand. CD’s are one of low-involvement products which can be bought by the customers out of the large selection. In order to be successful, every particular producer in the music industry has to define the marketing mix of the product which includes product, price, promotion, and place. We will write a custom essay sample on Mapping Channel Flows in the Music CD industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now While the first 3 components of marketing mix are very important, the last one which is place seems to â€Å"catch all† of the 4 P’s. Place is a very complex component of marketing mix because it includes such important areas of marketing as decisions about channels, logistics, retailing, customer support and many other issues. The right choice of distribution policy and channels are very important for the success of the producer, and those aspects cannot be neglected. The easiest way for the producer to sell the products to the final customers is by direct selling. The dialog between the supplier and the buyer is the easiest way in which the product can be purchased. However, most industries do not have such a luxury. It becomes inefficient for the producer to sell items directly to the customer, and he gives those functions to all types of intermediaries. In most cases, complex industries have a whole chain of intermediaries which bring the product to the end-user. This system of distribution represents a kind of a channel through which from the producer to the first intermediary and from the first intermediary to all others one by one product, payments, and information flow are channeled. Whenever the chain is very long, it’s obvious that every member in the chain, as well as the end-user has his specific needs, which all have to be taken into account by the producer. It’s very important to make sure that the information flow through the channel does not break. The more intermediaries there are between the producer and the end-user, the more complicated the relationships inside the channel become, and more attention has to be paid by the producer so that the quality of the product remains high as in the very beginning of the chain. CD’s industry deals with rights on a particular part of property, therefore it’s very important to maintain the chain of suitable distributors which provide the highest quality of the music record companies products. The most widely-used forms of â€Å"channels† of distributions used by the companies include the following: v Selling direct (with the help of salesforce); v Mail order (including telephone sales); v Retailer; v Wholesaler; v Agent (who acts on the behalf of the producer) (Mercer, 467) In order to maintain the quality of the production, it’s necessary for the producer to keep some control over the members of the distribution channel. Most music record companies pay close attention to that. Once the control is entirely lost, it might be hard for the producer to monitor the sales and the quality. The most efficient structure is when the producer structures the distribution channel by himself. Depending on what market the producer is in, this issue touches him in a different way. For example, when the producer produces mass consumer goods and there are many competitors in the market offering the same type of product, it’s not that important for the producer to control all the distributors who offer his product. The producer’s goal is to increase the number of distributors offering his product because he wants to have a large share of the market. In the opposite case, when the goods produced by the company have some unique features and the company competes with competitors mostly in quality, it has to take responsibility over the quality of the products which it offers and may suffer losses if the quality of the products end-users receive is low. Therefore, the producer will very much care in such a case about the quality of the goods which are offered to the end-users, and do his best to determine only very reliable distributors of his production in order to have a strong emphasize on quality. The mentioned approaches which can be used by the producer in the distribution policy therefore include: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Intensive distribution; 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Selective distribution; 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Exclusive distribution. In the case of the intensive distribution, the main emphasize is made on the number of distributors selling the company’s product. The price competition is evident in such a case and quality of all the similar goods offered in the market is pretty much the same. Selective distribution means that the producer selects suitable distributors to re-sell the product. Those distributors who have a good reputation get a chance to sell the company’s products. The selection can be quite wide, and the producer in such a case in not very concerned about the top quality of the products which he is offering. Exclusive distribution is common in such fields where companies offer products with unique characteristics and the main point of the marketing policy of the company is offering goods of the highest quality. Every little detail of the product is important in such a case. Therefore, companies choose a very limited selection of distributors who will be re-selling their product in order to maintain the highest quality. The main partners of the company in the distribution channels include such establishments as specialty outlets, supermarkets, department stores, and discount outlets. Specialty outlets have a narrow product line (Mercer, 473). For example, in fashion industry specialty outlets aim at women of a specific age group with a specific taste. Such distributors offer a greater degree of personal service and usually the selection of products for the targeted group of customers is very large. Supermarkets can be characterized by the following principles: self-service and self-selection displays; centralization of customer services; large scale; a strong price emphasize; a broad assortment of merchandise. The most famous supermarkets include Sainsbury, Tesco, Wal-Mart, and others. Department stores cover a large variety of products in different departments of the stores and offers great competition for supermarkets. Examples of department stores include Boots, Marks Spencer, British Home Stores. Discount outlets specialize in a â€Å"high turnover at low cost†. They usually specialize in products of one field and get a 30-day credit from their suppliers. For example, they include Dixons in consumer electronics/electrical; MFI in furniture. A major feature of the distribution channel is that there is a â€Å"value-add’ of every level of channel. Just as the product and information are channeled from one level of the channel to another, the value is also added at every level step by step. For example, in the music industry, the value is first added by the manufacturer who makes the music label, then the CD’s are passed to distributors, sometimes on a couple of levels until they reach the customer. At every level, the value is added because more companies participate in the process. The manufacturer is the one who owns the music label and therefore is the main player in the game. He adds the most value to the product, which consists of the cost of production and the profit. However, without the distributors the CD would not be able to get the end-users, so at every level of the channel new value is added to the primary product. The first level of distributors can be wholesalers, the second level can consist of retailers. Therefore, value is added at 3 levels until it reaches the end-user. In the music industry, the efficiency of channel members is very high. Companies producing CD’s pay close attention to the distributors who specialize in selling CD’s and for the most part, those channels fall into the category of selective distribution. The channel distribution in the music industry is very complex due to the characteristic features of the industry. Nowadays, there are many companies which produce CD’s (give the music label) and there are many customers in the market who are willing to buy those CD’s.   For example, Sony Records, Inc. is one of the leaders in the music industry production. However, it faces some competition in the market. Customers can give preference to CD’s produced by other companies as well. Therefore, every music record company needs to make sure there are many distributors who are brining CD’s to the end-users and also maintain high quality of the product. The distributors in the music industry include music stores which deal with CD’s in particular, supermarkets where one can also find this product, and Internet distributors which specialize in music CD’s. The chain of distributors is quite large in the music industry. It’s very important for music record companies to provide the highest quality of their musical CD’s. One of the reasons of the need in high quality is that nowadays music record companies face sharp competition from the Internet. It has become very simple for people who are fond of music to download music files from the Internet, and they no longer need to go into the music stores in order to get the CD’s. The files which people can download from different sites are free of charge, and no money goes to the singers from those operations. One of the ways to fight with that competition for music record companies is by offering the highest quality of their products. If a person can buy a CD of the highest quality in the music store, he might stick to it and not use Internet for getting his favorite music albums. Another way is to include Internet distributors of music products which can compete with free music upload by offering additional services. Such distributors as Amazon.com for example can guarantee high volumes of CD’s sales due to its closeness to the customer. It’s common truth that many people who use Internet are interested in music. As long as they can order their favorite CD’s on Amazon.com, they will keep their hands off the free file upload. However, in such a case the emphasize on the quality is important as never: the customers will order CD’s from Amazon.com as long as the quality of CD’s is beyond competition. In addition to that, it’s important to make sure Internet users get some additional benefits together with CD’s, for example, suggestions about their future possible purchases, discounts, or free information about their favorite singers. The efficiency of the CD’s and payment in the music industry through the distribution channel is very efficient but there can be some developments made in it. The most important is to keep in mind the importance of Internet in the distribution of CD’s. It’s also possible to devote some attention to such types of direct marketing as teleselling, direct mail, and direct selling. By mailing catalogues to potential customers, large volumes of sales can be achieved. For maximum efficiency of distribution in music industry, it’s necessary for music record companies to devote lots of attention to maintaining a large chain of distributors but at the same time monitor the quality of the products which are being offered to end-users. Bibliography. David Mercer. Marketing. Blackwell Business. 1992. J. Barry Manson, Moris L. Mayer, Hazel F Ezell. Foundations of Retailing. Business Publications, Inc., 1984. Kevin J. Clancy, Robert S. Shulman. The Marketing Revolution. HarperBusiness, 1991. Kotler. Marketing Management. 1986. R.M. Johnson. Market segmentation: a strategic marketing tool. Journal of Marketing research, vol. 7, 1981. How to cite Mapping Channel Flows in the Music CD industry, Essay examples

National Income Foreign Trade Multiplier â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The National Income Foreign Trade Multiplier? Answer: Introducation The rise in the unit tax for carbon effectively reduce the market externality. Initially, Q tonnes of carbon were produced at a price P; the introduction of unit tax raised the costs of producing carbon and thus the suppliers were forced to cut their production from Q to Qt; this was from a shift in supply curve from S to S1. Hannam (2014) supported this argument by noting that the carbon tax was successful in lowering carbon emissions. The result was a price rise for carbon which discourage the consumption by the households; consequently the level of carbon emissions fell (Twomey, 2014). However, this resulted in a loss of efficiency in the carbon market. The social optimal level of carbon production was Q at a price P. The demand for energy is inelastic to price and thus the consumers suffer when price rises. A deadweight area abx was recorded after the price rose to Pt. The 15 billion compensation would add up to the households income and thus they will be able to demand extra units of carbon. The additional demand for carbon will stimulate the carbon producers to raise their level of production so as to meet the rising demand. Demand laws support the argument that price charged rises as demand rises over supply. The increased need to produce more will result in an increased employment since more labor will be a requisite. The carbon price level will rise one again. The loss on consumer confidence means that they will lower their spending level. Thus, the households consumption component of the aggregate demand will be reduced. According to Uren (2017), the Australian economy is dragged down by the weak growth in consumer spending. The increased living costs are affecting the consumers budgets and thus they are not able to spend as much. For instance the housing and electricity prices have surged in the recent years; these extra spending on such goods is leaving less income to be spent on other goods and services and this explains the falling trend of Australian consumption expenditure growth. The Keynesian cross model below is used to explain the impact of the weak spending on the aggregate demand. The equilibrium level between AD and Y is at point m; at this point, AD = Y. To the left of AD = Y, the Aggregate demand is lower than real GDP and to the right, the AD is greater than real GDP (Be?nassy, 2011). The initial AD curve is AD* = C + I + G + (X M). Since we have noted that the weak consumer spending lowers the aggregate demand, the AD* curve will shift to the right to AD curve. The shift to the right results in a new equilibrium point created at point n; this is at a lower level of real GDP (Y). According to Jericho (2017), the main reason why Adam Creighton claimed that the real Australian unemployment rate is above 20% is that the estimation for unemployment rate does not include some many potential workers. the measure include only those who are considered to be actively seeking; all those who are not actively seeking but could do a job if they had one are excluded. In an economy like Australia where there is a market failure in the labor market, it may take long before a potential worker lands into a job. A prolonged duration of job search discourages some workers and they fail to actively seek a job anymore; the government estimation of unemployment only considers the four past weeks active seekers. Thus governments unemployment data obtained from the statistics bureau may be way lower than what is the actual Australian unemployment rate. Creightons measure considered not only including the discouraged workers, but also the retirees and the stay-home-parents who have no employed jobs. Further, he also included the underemployed in his measure. Some people may be working for only a few hours and be considered employed; someone working for an hour or two could as well be considered unemployed since the wage received is insufficient for meeting the personal needs. This hidden unemployment is difficult to estimate because not all people need a job. Some people are into businesses and thus may not participate in the labor force. Thus, considering all those seeking and not seeking unemployment to be unemployed would again bring issues. It is difficult to determine the job done by every person; most people will be dishonest. Part a Aggregate Expenditure function AD = C + I + G + (X - M) The autonomous expenditure is the spending that has to take place even if the income level was zero (Yadav, 2014). The consumption expenditure function is C = 40 + 0.9YD. In this case the autonomous consumption is 40. Part b Y = C + I + G + (X - M) But, C = 40 + 0.9YD; I = 40; G = 60; T = 0.2Y; X = 14 M = 10 + 0.02Y. Y = Y = Y = Y = 100 + 40 + 60 + 14 10 + 0.9Y - 0.18y - 0.02y Y = 204 + 0.7Y Y - 0.7Y = 204 0.3Y = 204 Y = 680 Therefore, the equilibrium level of income in this economy is 680. Part c When a demand injection in an economy changes, it results in a change in the national income; the number of time the national income changes as a result of the injection change is the multiplier concept (Pettinger, 2017). In an open economy, equilibrium of the national income is achieved at the level where savings + imports = investment + exports (Taboola, 2017). S + M = I + X Any change on the left has to be accompanied by an equal change in the left for equilibrium to be maintained Thus, S + M = I + X Change in saving (S) = s.Y. Where; s = MPS (marginal propensity to save); Y = the change in national income. Change in imports (M) = m.Y, where m = MPI (marginal propensity to import) s.Y + m.Y = I + X Y(s + m) = I + X Y = Thus the foreign trade multiplier is But s = 1 MPC; our consumption function is C = 40 + 0.9YD; MPC = 0.9; import function is M = 10 + 0.02Y, MPI = 0.02 Foreign trade multiplier = = = 8.333 Multiplying 8.333 by the in exports (30-14 = 16) we get the change in national income 8.333*16 = 133.333 Change in national income = 133 References Be?nassy, J. (2011). Macroeconomic theory. New York: Oxford University Press. Hannam, P. (2014). Carbon price helped curb emissions, ANU study finds. [Online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/carbon-price-helped-curb-emissions-anu-study-finds-20140716-ztuf6.html [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. Jericho, G. (2017). To those who claim Australia's unemployment data is dishonest please stop | Greg Jericho. [Online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/grogonomics/2017/may/30/to-those-who-claim-australias-unemployment-data-is-dishonest-please-stop [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. Pettinger, T. (2017). The multiplier effect. [Online] Economicshelp.org. Available at: https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/1948/economics/the-multiplier-effect/ [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. Taboola (2017). National Income and the Foreign Trade Multiplier. [Online] Economics Discussion. Available at: https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/national-income/foreign-trade-multiplier/national-income-and-the-foreign-trade-multiplier-2/10760 [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. Twomey, P. (2014). Obituary: Australia's carbon price. [Online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/obituary-australias-carbon-price-29217 [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. Uren, D. (2017). Weak spend a drag on economy. [Online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/david-uren-economics/weak-consumer-spending-a-drag-on-economic-growth/news-story/5cf5c25bbdb6e119f5ca8517dfc40430 [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]. Yadav, G. (2014). How are autonomous expenditures determined? [Online] Quora. Available at: https://www.quora.com/How-are-autonomous-expenditures-determined [Accessed 2 Oct. 2017]

Conciliation and Contradiction of Quran Miracles with Modern Science

Executive Summary Muslims consider the Qur’an as a not only a holy book but also a book of miracles. This holy book came to exist through Prophet Muhammad’s revelation from Allah, the God of Islam. The Islamic holy book was revealed to Muhammad through prophet Jebril. The Qur’an is both conciliatory and contradictory with modern science.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Conciliation and Contradiction of Qur’an Miracles with Modern Science specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research has revealed a conciliatory relationship between the Qur’an and modern science especially in the way it focuses on the miraculous ways in which the world will end and the big crunch. There is also conciliation between modern science and the miracles of the Qur’an in matters of the eventual expiry of the sun. However, in the same vein, contradictions are evident between the Qur’an and modern science on matters of miracles. The Qur’an cites that pork has various harmful effects on health. Modern science has highly opposed this claim. On the contrary, contemporary science has posed that there are health benefits of consuming well-cooked pork. In fact, it has moved on to improve on pork production in its endeavor to ensure food security in the world. Based on this foundation, this study seeks to research and discuss the conciliations and contradictions between the Qur’an and modern science. Overview of Qur’an and its miracles â€Å"So when the Trumpet is blown with a single blast, and the ground and the mountains are lifted and crushed with a single blow. On that Day, the Occurrence will occur and Heaven will be split apart, for that Day it will be very frail† (Qur’an, 1988, Surat al-Haqqa, 69:13-16) The above words are a clear evidence of the Qur’an predicting the end of the universe and the big crunch. The inference created by t his excerpt is that Allah will end the universe at his own will. In fact, the foretelling of this end occurs in many parts of the holy Qur’an, for instance when Mohammad observes that people have not been regarding Allah in the right way failing to know that He will one day fold up the universe into his hand (Qur’an, 1988, Surat az-Zumar, 39:67). In fact, the end of the universe is made clearer by the Qur’an in the phrase â€Å"folded up† that shows how easy it will be for Allah to clear it with His mighty powers. Moreover, the Qur’an predicts that the sun will eventually expire at a particular time that is only known to Allah who says that the sun will become still one day in the future (Qur’an, 1988, Surah Ya Sin, 38). This verse indicates that the sun and its functions will end that at a particular time in the future and that no Allah’s creation has the power to foretell this time.Advertising Looking for essay on religion the ology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For over 5 million years, human beings, animals, and plants have depended on sun’s energy for survival. Bussey (2013, p. 17) asserts that, although the sun may continue for a long duration, Allah will eventually stop it. In fact, the Qur’an affirms this claim in, â€Å"When the sun is compacted in blackness† (Qur’an, 1988, Surat at-Takwir, 1). This verse means that the sun will exist in a lifespan that is predetermined by the Almighty Allah who will then terminate it, and hence it’s eventual expiry. The Qur’an is clear that the sun and the moon will run for a ‘specific’ period. Moreover, similar information in the Qur’an affirms that Allah makes the day and night and that He also makes the sun and the moon run for a specified period (Qur’an, 1988, Surah Fatir, 13). The verse further asserts that Allah is in control of the uni verse. The idea of the sun existing for a specific time is evident when the Qur’an highlights how Allah has the power to create everything. From this assertion, one would also conclude that He has the power also to destroy any of His creation: the sun, the moon, and the earth among others (Qur’an, 1988, Surah az-Zumar’, 5). The miracles of the Qur’an have also indicated that consumption of pork is harmful to human health. The Qur’an asserts that consumption of pork will result to the contamination of human bodies that are consecrated for Allah. Consumption of pork is also forbidden since pigs are dirty according to Islam since they eat their feces and that they have excess production of growth hormones. In addition, certain worms that are harmful to the human heart muscles can infest pigs and eventually result in death. The Qur’an records that Allah has forbidden Muslims from carrion, pork, blood, and all things that are dedicated to him. Co nciliation of Qur’an with Modern Science End of Universe and the Big Crunch The prediction of the end of the world is in conciliation with modern science. Both the Qur’an and modern science explain that the world will end through a collapsing mechanism. The Qur’an records that the world will be folded up while modern science brings to light the issue of the big crunch that will result from the fierce heat. This process is clear in the Qur’an. In fact, it records that Allah will fold up the heaven as if it were pages of a book. The suggestion here is that Allah will eventually bring the world into an end just as he created it. However, one would wish to know whether Allah created the world and everything in it. In response to this puzzle, Bussey (2013, p. 17) asserts that Allah is the creator, and that He formed the universe and everything it accommodates. Besides, the Qur’an bestows Him with the power to fold it up in his own time, thus resulting i n its end and hence the end of all creations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Conciliation and Contradiction of Qur’an Miracles with Modern Science specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Battersby (2011 p.42), science has it that the universe will eventually collapse, and form a very minute point. In fact, modern science states that the earth will form a point that is less than a proton, but one, which will have the potential to destroy everything. This process is similar to what the Qur’an depicts, when it brings to light the power of one super being (Allah, just as a proton) amidst many other beings, which will have the capability of dismantling the shape of the universe. Hajdukovic (2010, p.1023) affirms that modern science depicts that, through ‘the Big Crunch’ theory, the universe will slowly collapse. Confirming the claim, Merali (2013, p.38) and Ling (2013, p.47) reveal h ow the dark energy in the world will eventually turn negative, thus making the world unstable and hence its collapsing. The inference is that, due to destabilization of the universe because of too much continuous extension, the force of gravity shall be overpowered. The result will be an inward collapse of the universe. This process is similar to the folding up of the world by Allah to the point of fitting in his hands. Just as energy will make the world collapse, Allah will use his Almighty power to crinkle it. Similarly, according to Battersby (2011 p.42), modern science explains the expansion of the universe will eventually reach its limits due to gravitational pull. The implication here is that a further pull of gravity will automatically distort the shape of the universe. The Sun will eventually expire There is a striking similarity in the teachings of the Qur’an and modern science on the subject of the expiry of the sun. The Qur’an records that the sun will run t o a fixed point of rest (Qur’an, 1988, Srah Ya Sin, 38). From a similar perspective, Scafetta, (2012, p.27) observes that modern science also depicts that the sun will eventually die. Although the sun may have lived for over five million years performing the function of lighting and heating the world, its reserve is predetermined to end in the future. It will expire after outdoing its life span that has been specified by its creator: Allah. Similarly, Dajani (2012, p.343) affirms that, from the expositions of modern science, approximately 4million tons of matter is used to produce energy in one second. The sun will therefore expire when this matter eventually diminishes. The continuously burning matter continues to lessen with time. The inference here is that it will eventually reach a point of depletion. It is out of the chemical reactions that take place during the combustion of this matter that the universe gets light and heat, which are produced in the process of consumin g matter and converting hydrogen nuclei into to helium gas. According to the contemporary science, production of light and heat happens due to nuclear fusion. Grant (2011, p.34) asserts that, when the source of hydrogen (matter) will end, the sun will also end. In this case, the core of the big star will collapse inwards. The process of igniting the core of the sun requires a massive source of energy to ignite helium atoms.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Merali (2013, p.38) observes that, after the depletion of the energy source, there will be no more energy sources and that the sun will therefore become a white dwarf. In fact, it will fade away and gradually become dim. Finally, there will be no light. The heat and light that the sun generates make human beings, plants, and animals exist based on the role that they (heat and light) play in their (human beings, plants, and animals) life. However, Dajani (2012, p.343) clings to the notion upheld by modern science that the sun also has a lifespan. With time, the sun will become hotter and hence expand more. These extreme temperatures will result in the evaporation of water bodies and consequently the death of all living things since human beings, animals, and plants depend on water for survival. Evaporation of water bodies will therefore mean the end of life. During that time, Grant (2011, p.34) foresees that the big star will become big, thus lessening gravitational pull. This situat ion will later on lead to its shrinking into carbon and oxygen dwarf. Conciliation between the Qur’an and modern science becomes true since the Qur’an was written a long time ago, approximately 1400 years ago. However, scientists realized the knowledge on how the sun functions and/or obtains its energy in the recent past, just as the Qur’an had revealed. When the Qur’an was authored, there was little or no scientific study of the sun and/or how it operates. Nevertheless, it indicated that the sun and its day-to-day occurrences would end one day in the future. The author of the Qur’an seems to have had a certain level of revelation in science that the chemicals that keep the sun in operation will go out. Contradiction Pork and its harmful effects on health The above section has shed light of the various similarities that are evident between the Qur’an and modern science. However, it is crucial to note that there are also a handful of contradi ctions. One of such contradictions is based on the way the two present the mystery behind the effects of pork on human health. The Qur’an depicts, â€Å"He has only forbidden you carrion, blood† (Qur’an, 1988, al-Baqarah  2: 173). The Qur’an teaches that pork eating is harmful to human health in many ways regardless of the methods that one may use to prevent such detrimental effects. The argument behind this claim is that pigs live in a dirty environment besides consuming virtually every dirty thing including their own fecal materials. Due to the filthy environment that the pigs prefer living in, their bodies emit a lot of antibodies and hormones, which eventually move to their tissues. Pork also contains a lot of cholesterol and lipids, which are harmful to human health. Hormones, lipids, and cholesterol are dangerous to human health. Proponents of the Qur’an’s teaching on the harmful effects of pork also argue that trichina, which is a v ery harmful substance, is found in most pig’s pork. When human beings eat pork, the substance gets into their bodies and settles in their heart muscles. Previously, there were no veterinary measures to detect trichina worms. However, modern science can detect them. It is also possible to protect people against the worms using the modern science medicine. However, modern science contradicts the teachings of the Qur’an on harmful effects of pork. Modern science does not oppose the consumption of pork. In fact, it has endeavored to teach people not to eat undercooked or uncooked pork since it hampers tapeworms and bilharzias worms. Cooking of pork makes the meat healthy for consumption just like any other meat. Contemporary science also teaches that pork is a good source of animal protein. Veterinary medicine and other animal health disciplines are working hard to ensure that they increase pork consumption in the world. Various breeds of pigs have also been produced throu gh modern methods of crossbreeding. Scientists have invested in the production of modern pig feeds. Modern methods of producing rearing feeds have also been developed. The argument that is posed by proponents of the teachings of the Qur’an concerning the harmful effects of pork has also been found wanting by modern scientists. Although these proponents have cited pork as the major cause of obesity in America, Germany, and other nations that record a high consumption of pork, scientists argue that there are many other causes and predisposing factors of obesity. Eggar (2009, p.78) observes that the major cause of obesity according to the modern science is poor lifestyle. People in countries such as America, where obesity is a major problem affecting more than 50% of the population, have poor life styles. In America, cultural factors are the leading causes of obesity. The American people prefer foods such as French fries, hamburgers, and even doughnuts. These foods have high fat contents since they are deep-fried. These foods are also easy to make, package, and sell. Due to their working habits, the Americans have no formal mealtime. In fact, they depend on snacks, which they take at any time of their choice. Their children have also been absorbed into this feeding habit. The American social life involves a lot of eating. For example, there is food that is available for people who transact businesses or during burials and even when they meet for social activities. This eating of readymade food and eating at all occasions rather than eating pork have increased rates of obesity. Eggar (2009, p.78) observes that technology is also to blame for obesity as opposed to eating pork in America and many other countries. People depend on machines to do the work instead of doing it themselves. Besides, they are rarely exercising. The availability of energy saving technologies is the indicator of a developing economy while it constitutes the ingredients of expanding th e waistlines and chronic diseases. For example, people use electronic technology to clean cars, dishes, and/or drive cars. These are the major causes of increased calories rather than pork eating as the Qur’an depicts. Conclusion Based on the expositions made in the study, the reader would stand a good chance of witnessing the conciliation and contradiction of the Qur’an’s miracles and modern science. Although the Qur’an is the holy book of the Islamic religion, it differs with modern science in some areas. However, the book is seen as a perfect prediction of various scientific occurrences that are happening today congruent to what the contemporary science forecasts to happen in the future. Despite of the fact that the Qur’an was authored about 14000 years ago, it had some valid insights that science has come to prove in the modern days, some of these conciliatory facts include the reality that the universe will eventually end contrary to the belie f of many people who see the impossibility of this happening. The Qur’an predicts that the world will end through the act Allah. The universe will therefore collapse inwards, thus destroying all the creatures living on it. In addition, the Qur’an also records that the sun will eventually fall. It depicts that Allah will stop both the sun and the mood from functioning in a particular time that He has set in the unknown future. People have all along questioned on how this can happen considering that the atom, the size of which the earth will take, is a very small object. However, the shape and size that the other particles will assume and/or disappear to remain a mystery that is yet to be unraveled, though known to Allah alone. However, there is a contradiction between the Qur’an and modern science on matters of the harmful effects of pork on health. The Qur’an depicts pork as a prohibited food since it results in harmful effects such as obesity on human he alth. However, modern science has proved that a well-cooked pork is healthy and a nutritious source of protein. Further research indicates other more severe causes of obesity such as poor lifestyles. Hence, according to the contemporary science, pork is not to blame for the increased obese people in countries where it is highly consumed. Reference List Battersby, S. (2011). How will it all end? New Scientist, 211(2822), 42-43. Bussey, J. (2013). God as First Cause – a Review of the Kalam Argument. Science Christian Belief, 25(1), 17-35. Dajani, Z. (2012). Evolution And Islam’s Quantum Question. Journal of Religion Science, 47(2), 343-353. Eggar, G. (2009). Health,â€Å"Illth† and economic growth. Medicine, Environment, and Economics at the Crossroadss, 37(1), 78. Grant, A. (2011). How to survive the end of the universe. Discover, 32(10), 34-40. Hajdukovic, S. (2010). What Would Be Outcome of a Big Crunch? International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 49(5), 10 23-1028. Ling, W. (2013). An Alternative Cosmology to the Big Bang-Dispersive Extinction Theory of Red Shift. Applied Physics Research, 5(2), 47-62. Merali, Z. (2013). Confronting the Dark. Discover, 34(4), 38-47. Qur’an. (1988). Text, Translation and Commentary. New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur’an. Scafetta, N. (2012). Does the Sun work as a nuclear fusion amplifier of planetary tidal forcing? A proposal for a physical mechanism based on the mass-luminosity relation. Journal of Atmospheric Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 81/82(1), 27-34. This essay on Conciliation and Contradiction of Qur’an Miracles with Modern Science was written and submitted by user Payton Kelly to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Californias Government

Californias Government California's Government California, also nickname the Golden State, was established in 1850. The Compromise of 1850 made California a free state and the thirty-first state in the union. In 1848 gold was found in California making California the most valuable piece of land of the United Stated. As of today, California is the richest and most powerful state in the nation. One good reason California gains its wealth is from the fact that the people in a free democracy society rule California's system of government.One of the foundations California's government is so important and well structured is through capitalist democracy. Without civil liberties as our natural right, California's government wouldn't be a free democracy state without the voices of the people. Through the freedom of speech, the people of California are able to give initiative and referendum to improve California's system of government.California's form of government is representative democracy.Big Sur, CaliforniaThe people of California elect their own senator, assembly member, and other government officers to make and enforce laws and policies that are passed by the people of California. This procedure where the people can propose a law or a constitutional amendment is call initiative. Our state government is run from the consent of the people.Almost like the US government, California has its own legislature. California legislature branch is a bicameral body that contains forty member of the senate and eighty members for the assembly. The senates are elected for fours years and the assembly member are elected for only two years term. The senators in a state congress have more power than the assembly member. Each senator runs a district with equal population in each area as all senators that govern a district.Like our nation's president, California voters also elect an executive officer to run...

Is America a Christian country Should it be Term Paper

Is America a Christian country Should it be - Term Paper Example Christianity has various forms and branches with accompanying different practice sand beliefs. The three major branches of Christianity are Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Protestantism. There are numerous subcategories of these branches still. Most followers of Christianity were mainly found in the West until late 20th century but now it has spread rapidly to all the continents. The one God believed by Christians exist as The Father, The son and The Holy Spirit giving emphasis on the faith of Christ. The sacred book of Christians is the bible including Hebrew scripture (Old Testament) and the New Testament. The common practices to Christians are gathering at churches for worship, study fellowship and even interacting with rest of the world and other Christians through evangelism and social work. In the case America, Christianity was introduced to United States by the colonizing Europeans around 16th and 17th century. Immigrants from other places further increased the numbers. Christianity is the most popular religion and the denominations here can be divided into Mainline Protestantism, Evangelical Protestantism and Roman Catholic. A research conducted in 2004 on religions in United States, it showed 26.3% Evangelical, 22% Roman Catholics and 16% Mainline Protestantism. Most surveys done in America have constantly shown that over 73% of Americans identified themselves as Christians (Boyd, 2007). Many people especially some politicians and religious activists have argued that America was meant to be Christian nation by those who founded it. Having a large portion of the population being Christians does not simply qualify the country to be a Christian nation. To be a Christian nation it has to be official, Christian beliefs at least, have to be enshrined in the constitution and institutions like judiciary, education departments, and commissions should be shaped by Christian

Reflection paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Reflection paper - Assignment Example on which is using an existing schema to deal with new circumstances, accommodation which happens when current knowledge does not work and has to be adjusted and equilibration which occur when child schemas can deal with most new information through assimilation. An example of adaptation in my scenario is when my two-year-old niece saw my tablet for the first time and referred to it as a computer. In this occurrence, I explained to her that it’s not a computer though it looks like one therefore she was able to adjust with the new information (Wadsworth, 2004). Assimilation and accommodation require an active learner, not a passive one, as a teacher one should concentrate on a child thinking rather than result because it encourages problem-solving skills rather than trained. Paget’s theory also reinforce teachings should be accomplished by encouraging discovery for themselves rather than direct training. A teacher can also use this information and, use energetic methods that necessitate reconstructing of truths, encourage shared as well as individual activities. He or she can create disequilibrium in order to accommodate new information, arrange situations that present real-life problems and evaluate the level of child development so that you can go at his or her pace. More mature activities should be discouraged as it will confuse the children. On the first stage sensory –motor occurs between birth and two years. Children begin to understand the information they are receiving through their senses in particular, when reflex m ovement become more developed. Understanding of the world around them involves only the perceptions and things which the baby has already experienced for instance sucking on a nipple when hungry or reaching for an already familiar toy. Children from mental pictures of objects around them and what can be done with the object itself (Piaget, 1936). When they are around eight months they begin to look for objects hidden, for instance, a

International Tax Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Tax - Assignment Example Since the jurisdiction for tax imposition in many cases is based on the residence status, the residents and non-residents distinction is of much importance (capitaltaxconsulting.com, 2011) 2. It should be noted that OECD model treat Article 4(1) of the OECD, gives a definition of a Contracting State resident as a person who is â€Å"liable to tax therein by reason of his domicile, residence, place of management, or any other criterion of a similar nature.† Article 4(1) further provides that a resident is not inclusive of any person who has a tax liability only in respect of income from sources in the country. This definition of a resident may seem straightforward; however, it raises a number of difficult issues. What does â€Å"liable to tax† mean? Is a person who is exempt from tax, such as a charity or a government, liable to tax? Is a person who does not pay any tax because of loss carryovers or deductions liable to tax? Are citizenship and place of incorporation cri teria of a similar nature? Liable to tax means the aggregate amount any given person is legally obliged to make payment of to the relevant authority due to a taxable event’s occurrence. Exempt persons may involve in a taxable event and thus at some point may become liable to tax (For instance; an instance where a government institution is supposed to withhold and remit taxes). A person having deductions or losses or may have a tax liability as long as taxable event is the ending result or a net claim on assets, for example net income. (investopedia.com, 2011) What determines whether a citizen is either a resident or a non-resident are the circumstances like domicile while a company’s incorporation makes it automatically a resident in many states (oecd.org, 2003) 3. Assume that Country A and Country B both define a resident as an individual who is present in the country for at least 183 days. Is it possible for an individual to be a resident of both Country A and Countr y B under this test? It is possible in a leap year. The countries are to further find a solution to the issue of residence like nationality to avoid taking the individual as a resident of both nations. (oecd.org, 2003) 4. What are the â€Å"Facts and circumstance† strengths and weaknesses test of residence? Under the test, Is it possible for an individual to be resident in two countries? In more than two countries? The outstanding strength that can be associated with the test of residence on â€Å"facts and circumstances† is that of giving a consistent way of determining whether an individual or a company is to be considered resident or not for the purposes tax imposition. The weaknesses attributable to this method of residence determination is that, given country’s test may be different from another and this kills uniformity in determining tax liabilities. A good example is that of Australia where for a person to be resident, they have to spend above average of their time in the state in the year of income while in Japan, they depend mostly upon the domicile or residence that is maintained for one or more years. (treasury.gov.au, 2011) In rare situations an individual can be resident in two or more countries like where they point out the person should be in the country for 183 days or more and it is in a leap year of income like in Canada and Ireland. (treasury.gov.au, 2011) 5. In a country using facts and circumsta

Information About The Relative Worth Of An Employee Commerce Essay

Information About The Relative Worth Of An Employee Commerce Essay Performance appraisal is the process of obtaining, analyzing and recording information about the relative worth of an employee. The focus of the performance appraisal is measuring and improving the actual performance of the employee and also the future potential of the employee. Its aim is to measure what an employee does. According to Flippo, a prominent personality in the field of Human resources, performance appraisal is the systematic, periodic and an impartial rating of an employees excellence in the matters pertaining to his present job and his potential for a better job. Performance appraisal is a systematic way of reviewing and assessing the performance of an employee during a given period of time and planning for his future Objectives Of Performance appraisal: To review the performance of the employees over a given period of time. To judge the gap between the actual and the desired performance. To help the management in exercising organizational control. Helps to strengthen the relationship and communication between superior subordinates and management employees. To diagnose the strengths and weaknesses of the individuals so as to identify the training and development needs of the future. To provide feedback to the employees regarding their past performance. Provide information to assist in the other personal decisions in the organization. Provide clarity of the expectations and responsibilities of the functions to be performed by the employees. To judge the effectiveness of the other human resource functions of the organization such as recruitment, selection, training and development. To reduce the grievances of the employees. Performance appraisal of employee is important in managing the human resource of an organization. With the change towards knowledge-based capitalism, maintaining talented knowledge workers is critical. However, management classification of outstanding, poor and average performance may not be an easy decision. Besides that, superior might also tend to judge the work performance of their subordinates informally and arbitrarily especially without the existence of a system of appraisal. Performance appraisal of candidates in relation to a particular position, is a key task towards managing the human resources of an organization. Supervisors are concerned with performance appraisal judgments and evaluations that they have to make on their subordinates. On the other hand, subordinates are increasingly realizing the importance of performance appraisal since it would very much affect their rewards and future career path. As the world began to shift towards knowledge based capitalism, it reminds all organizations on the importance of maintaining their talented knowledge workers. Performance appraisal is usually conducted periodically within an organization to examine and discuss the work performance of subordinate so as to identify the strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities for improvement among employees. Following this, most of the employers use the performance appraisal result to determine if a particular staff should be terminated or reinforced; as an employee development and coaching tool; to give a practical evaluation of an employees readiness for promotion; and to serve as the foundation for giving merit bonus. Some companies do not havea formal appraisal system and as a result the company gets infected with certain drawbacks like under motivated and under committed workers. In a recent Human Resources Forum poll, 16 percent of the people responding have no performance appraisal system at all. Supervisory opinions, provided once a year, are the only appraisal process for 56 percent of respondents. Another 16 percent described their appraisals as based solely on supervisor opinions, but administered more than once a year. The improvement of performance appraisal systems is a matter of sharing a social definition of performance appraisal that is congruent with the original intent decided by the organisation. The management development professional can aid the process by being educated about appraisal systems, analysing the potential benefits to the organisation, and accepting that all appraisers need training. To help performance appraisal reach its fullest potential, management development professionals need to be political strategists, appraisal system experts, trainers, salespeople and catalysts, in combination. An organization comes across various problems and challenges Of Performance Appraisalin order to make a performance appraisal system effective and successful. The main Performance Appraisal challenges involved in the performance appraisal processare: Identification of the appraisal criteria is one of the biggest problems faced by the top management. The performance data to be considered for evaluation should be carefully selected. For the purpose of evaluation, the criteria selected should be in quantifiable or measurable terms Top management should choose the raters or the evaluators carefully. They should have the required expertise and the knowledge to decide the criteria accurately. They should have the experience and the necessary training to carry out the appraisal process objectively. Many errors based on the personal bias like stereotyping, halo effect (i.e. one trait influencing the evaluators rating for all other traits) etc. may creep in the appraisal process. Therefore the rater should exercise objectivity and fairness in evaluating and rating the performance of the employees. The appraisal process may face resistance from the employees and the trade unions for the fear of negative ratings. Therefore, the employees should be communicated and clearly explained the purpose as well the process of appraisal. The standards should be clearly communicated and every employee should be made aware that what exactly is expected from him/her.    The appraisal process might also be influenced by the following factors relating to the forms that are used by raters: The rating scale may be quite vague and unclear The rating form may ignore important aspects of job performance. The rating form may contain additional, irrelevant performance dimensions. The forms may be too long and complex. The raters may not be adequately trained to carry out performance management activities. This becomes a serious limitation when the technical competence of a ratee is going to be evaluated by a rater who has limited functional specialization in that area. The raters may not have sufficient time to carry out appraisals systematically and conduct thorough feedback sessions. Sometimes the raters may not be competent to do the evaluations owing to a poor self-image and lack of self-confidence. They may also get confused when the objectives of appraisal are somewhat vague and unclear. If the sincere appraisal effort put in by a rater is not suitably rewarded, the motivation to do the job thoroughly finishes off. Sometimes, low ratings given by raters are viewed negatively by management as a sign of failure on the part of rater or as an indication of employee discontent. So, most employees receive satisfactory ratings, despite poor performance. Normally, the raters immediate supervisor must approve the ratings. However, in actual practice, this does not happen. As a result the rater goes off the hook and causes considerable damage to the rating process. If the rater dislikes any employee, he may rate them at the lower end and this may distort the rating purpose and affect the career of these employees. A person outstanding in one area tends to receive outstanding or better than average ratings in other areas as well, even when such a rating is undeserved. To minimizing the halo effect, you should appraise all the employees by one trait before going to rate on the basis of another trait. In general, raters remember the recent appraisal of the employee and they usually follow appraisal results last time. Some of the biases all managers should refrain from while conducting the performance evaluation are as follows:- (i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First impressions (primacy effect): The appraisers first impressions of a candidate may color his evaluation of all subsequent behavior. In the case of negative primacy effect, the employee may seem to do nothing right; in the case of a positive primacy effect, the employee can do no wrong (Harris, p.192). (ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Halo: The Halo error occurs when one aspect of the subordinates performance affects the raters evaluation of other performance dimensions. If a worker has few absences, his supervisor might give the worker a high rating in all other areas of work. Similarly an employee might be rated high on performance simply because he had a good dress sense and comes to office punctually!. (iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Horn effect: The raters bias is in the other direction, where one negative quality of the employee is being rated harshly. For example, the ratee does not smile normally, so he cannot get along with people! (iv)  Ã‚   Leniency: Depending on raters own mental make-up at the time of appraisal, raters may be rated very strictly or very leniently. Appraisers generally find evaluating others difficult, especially where negative ratings have to be given. A professor might hesitate to fail a candidate when all other students have cleared the examination. The Leniency error can render an appraisal system ineffective. If everyone is to be rated high, the system has not done anything to differentiate among employees. (v)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Central tendency: An alternative to the leniency effect is the central tendency, which occurs when appraisers rate all employees as average performers. For example, a professor, with a view to play it safe, might give a class  grades nearly equal to B, regardless of the differences in individual performance. (vi)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stereotyping: Stereotyping is a mental picture that an individual holds about a person because of that persons sex, age, religion, caste, etc. By generalizing behavior on the basis of such blurred images, the rater grossly overestimates or underestimates a persons performance. For example, employees from rural areas might be rated poorly by raters having a sophisticated urban background if they view rural background negatively. (vii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recency effect: In this case the rater gives greater weightage to recent occurrences than earlier performance. For example, an excellent performance that may be six or seven months old is conveniently forgotten while giving a poor rating to an employees performance which is not so good in recent weeks. Alternatively, the appraisal process may suffer due to a spill over effect which takes place when past performance influences present ratings. In conclusion I would state that performance appraisals are important to any organization. The procedure should be carried out effectively. The reward and point system for human capital is vital for the employee development and also for the organization to reach its corporate goals. Some of the topics discussed aboce should be avoided and the above written issues should be catered to while a manager conducts a performance appraisal system within the organization.

Olubowale Victor Akintimehin: Stage Name Wale Essay -- Musicians

When most musicians become famous it is common that they lose touch with their culture, family, and become obsessed with making money. Many come in with a certain singing or rapping style but change what makes them unique for a record deal. In the hip-hop scene rappers start to dress themselves in many expensive designer clothing labels and diamond accessories, however, for Nigerian-American hip-hop MC Olubowale Victor Akintimehin, stage name Wale, this is a different story. Unlike many rappers, Wale is noteworthy and respected for the exact opposite: he embraces his culture and is interested in becoming famous for just simply being himself. Wale was born in Northwest Washington, D.C. September 21, 1984 to Nigerian immigrants who first arrived five years prior. After 10 years, their family then moved to Gaithersburg, Maryland where Wale found himself attending seven different high schools in both the DC and Maryland area. "My first high school was a predominantly black school, [and] then I went to a predominantly white school, and then back again. I think that helped me cultivate an open mind about most things in life†¦I kind of understand the plight of all people, from understanding all those different environments," he says in his biography on his official website www.ralphfolarin.com. In 2001, Wale graduated from Quince Orchard High School and later attended Robert Morris and Virginia State University on football scholarships. However after transferring a third time to Bowie State University Wale decided to drop out and aspire on the journey for a potential recording career. In 2003-2004, Wale got his first air time with his song, "Rhyme of the Century," on a local radio station which placed him in the "Unsigned Hype" column ... ...azine-says-he-loves-dark-skinned-pretty-girls-0 http://dimewars.com/Video/Wale-Talks-Nigerian-Pride---Fear-Of-Lightskinned-Girls.aspx?bcmediaid=2d817e9c-5618-42a5-9f65-e7402c28b65c http://www.jprotege.com/wale-nigerian-day-parade/ http://www.getmusic.com.au/wale/biography http://questionmarkmag.com/2011/08/wale-works-with-african-artistes-for-charity-gig/ http://www.rap-up.com/2009/08/08/wales-attention-gets-sidetracked/ http://afrofusionlounge.wordpress.com/2010/11/29/bunny-mack-interview-no-qualms-about-wales-sample-of-his-classic-song/ http://killerboombox.com/6485/audio/heaters/wale-no-one-be-like-you http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=788 http://www.census.gov/population/international/ http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?profile=intRelations&pg=4 Olubowale Victor Akintimehin: Stage Name Wale Essay -- Musicians When most musicians become famous it is common that they lose touch with their culture, family, and become obsessed with making money. Many come in with a certain singing or rapping style but change what makes them unique for a record deal. In the hip-hop scene rappers start to dress themselves in many expensive designer clothing labels and diamond accessories, however, for Nigerian-American hip-hop MC Olubowale Victor Akintimehin, stage name Wale, this is a different story. Unlike many rappers, Wale is noteworthy and respected for the exact opposite: he embraces his culture and is interested in becoming famous for just simply being himself. Wale was born in Northwest Washington, D.C. September 21, 1984 to Nigerian immigrants who first arrived five years prior. After 10 years, their family then moved to Gaithersburg, Maryland where Wale found himself attending seven different high schools in both the DC and Maryland area. "My first high school was a predominantly black school, [and] then I went to a predominantly white school, and then back again. I think that helped me cultivate an open mind about most things in life†¦I kind of understand the plight of all people, from understanding all those different environments," he says in his biography on his official website www.ralphfolarin.com. In 2001, Wale graduated from Quince Orchard High School and later attended Robert Morris and Virginia State University on football scholarships. However after transferring a third time to Bowie State University Wale decided to drop out and aspire on the journey for a potential recording career. In 2003-2004, Wale got his first air time with his song, "Rhyme of the Century," on a local radio station which placed him in the "Unsigned Hype" column ... ...azine-says-he-loves-dark-skinned-pretty-girls-0 http://dimewars.com/Video/Wale-Talks-Nigerian-Pride---Fear-Of-Lightskinned-Girls.aspx?bcmediaid=2d817e9c-5618-42a5-9f65-e7402c28b65c http://www.jprotege.com/wale-nigerian-day-parade/ http://www.getmusic.com.au/wale/biography http://questionmarkmag.com/2011/08/wale-works-with-african-artistes-for-charity-gig/ http://www.rap-up.com/2009/08/08/wales-attention-gets-sidetracked/ http://afrofusionlounge.wordpress.com/2010/11/29/bunny-mack-interview-no-qualms-about-wales-sample-of-his-classic-song/ http://killerboombox.com/6485/audio/heaters/wale-no-one-be-like-you http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=788 http://www.census.gov/population/international/ http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?profile=intRelations&pg=4